The pandemic represented an unprecedented economic shock for the entire global economy. In the Eurozone, countries more specialised in face-to-face services, such as tourism, came off worst. The pandemic was followed by the greatest inflationary crisis of recent decades, with a severe impact on a host of economic indicators. These situations prompt

Lastly, fiscal discipline matters. Whereas an increase in the ratios of public debt to GDP was recorded in the Eurozone’s four largest economies between 2019 and 2023, Portugal and Greece, which were having to deal with bailouts a decade ago, have managed to significantly reduce their levels of public debt, which has resulted in lower 10-year bon

Fifth, by the end of 2023, France, Spain and Germany had not regained their pre-pandemic levels of real per capita productivity. Although this could be due to the cyclical behaviour of productivity in the Eurozone and other structural factors such as the reduction in the working day for efficiency improvements, it is still worth implementing measur